Saturday, May 31, 2008

Hands-free headset/speaker solutions from Etymotic, Aliph, Nokia and Spracht

Matthew Miller is an avid mobile device enthusiast who works during the day as a professional naval architect in Seattle.

In just over a month, you will not be able to use your cellphone in your automobile in Washington State without some kind of hands-free solution. Hands-free laws are in place now or coming soon to many other states and areas of the world so now is a good time to take a look at some of the solutions available to you besides the standard wired hands-free kit included with your cellphone purchase.

I had the opportunity to personally evaluate the Etymotic hf2 wired iPhone stereo headphones, Etymotic EtyBLU Bluetooth headset, Aliph’s new Jawbone Bluetooth headset, Nokia BH-903 Bluetooth stereo headphones, and Spracht Aura Mobile BT Bluetooth speakephone. They all have their strengths and weaknesses and it really comes down to your own personal preference when selecting a hands-free kit that fits your specific needs. However, I did find a new personal favorite in the bunch that I plan to use myself now that I can no longer just hold my phone to my head and drive.

Etymotic hf2: I(Mathew Miller) first took a look at the Etymotic hf2 headset because I was interested in finding something better than the headset that came with my iPhone since I don’t really like the way the Apple earbuds rest unsecurely in your ears. I have also been using my slightly modified US$250 Ultimate Ears super.fi 5 headphones (I had to shave back the rubber a bit to fit into the iPhone) to listen to music and podcasts on my iPhone and was hoping these Etymotic headphones would serve two functions.

The headset consists of a 4 foot cable with a straight 3.5mm plug end that goes right into the current generation iPhone. The great thing about the cable is that it is covered with that same great soft-touch rubber present on new mobile phones and it seems to be virtually tangle resistant. The cable and earbuds have that modern non-slip rubber coating found on many mobile devices today. The right side cable that splits off and goes to your ear is a couple inches shorter than the left side. You will find the mic and call answer button controller (just over an inch long) in the right side cable. Farther down the cable below the split you will find a detachable clip that can be used to hold the headphone cable close to your body.

There is a single button on the controller below the mic opening and you can use this to play/pause your music or even track forward (requires a quick double button press). The button is also used to answer and end calls with a single press. If you are on a call and another comes in then pressing the button once puts your current call on hold and answers the new call. You can then quickly switch between the calls by pressing the controller button. The iPhone has no voice dialing functionality so there is no way to perform that function with the headset.

The hf2 headset comes with three pairs of ear plugs (two rubber, multi-level flange pairs and one foam pair) that can be attached to the end of the earphones. I have rather large ear canals so I used the gray rubber plugs (there are smaller blue ones). You will also find a small metal tool and some extra filters that you can use to replace the existing filters as they age and plug up with ear wax. A small carrying case with a zippered top is also included to hold your earphones when you are not using them.

The plugs were easy to insert and felt quite comfortable in my ears for long periods of time. Sound quality was very good and almost as good as my Ultimate Ears (which is great given the fact that the Ultimate Ears serve a single function and cost about US$100 more). I actually can only have the iPhone up to a max of 75% or else my ears get completely blown out in a quiet environment. On the train and walking around Seattle, I cranked up the volume to about 90% because of all the background and street noise.

Callers stated that I sounded good in most conditions, but they could tell I was on a headset. If you are listening to music, it fades out when a call comes in and then fades back in after the call is ended and this functionality works very well.

The box states that you can use the headphones with other devices, but I haven’t had that great of luck with the mobile phones in my collection. The 3.5 mm plug works just fine with MP3 players, but it needs the 4 contact port on your device to work in phone mode. I first tried my Nokia N95-3 and error message popped up stating this accessory was not supported by the device. I then tried plugging the Etymotic hf2 into the Nokia stereo controller and they worked for audio. However, when I made a call neither the mic on the hf2 or on the Nokia controller (or the N95-3 itself) would work so the caller could not hear me. I then tried the headset on an HTC Advantage and it worked well with the phone and media player, but was a bit on the quiet side and could have been louder. When I plugged it into the Nokia N82 I just heard loud buzzing that almost blew me away and a pop-up appeared stating to use the phone microphone. These really are designed for the Apple iPhone and I recommend only iPhone owners look at this headset as a hands-free solution.

The Etymotic hf2 headset is a great accessory for Apple iPhone owners and if you own an iPhone then you may want to give these serious consideration. The headset actually keeps me using my iPhone more than I probably would without the headset. They are available for US$179 and come with a 2-year warranty so you can rest in the fact that your are purchasing a high quality product that is backed by a long warranty.

Etymotic etyBLU: I next tried the etyBLU Bluetooth headset and had some high expectations for this wireless headset after hearing a sample audio clip at CES in Vegas. The etyBLU has a unique design feature with a removable boom mic (the BLUmaxx) that extends the mic out away from your ear and closer to your mouth. I tested this headset with the Apple iPhone, HTC Advantage, T-Mobile Shadow, and Nokia N95-3. The headset worked with all of these devices and paired flawlessly with each. If your phone asks for a passkey it is simply 0000.

I expected a clear connection between all of my devices and was surprised by the regular static and breakup of sound when I put any of my phones on the opposite side of my body or walked more than 6 feet away or so. I thought it would have been much clearer and stronger and at first I thought it was the Bluetooth radio on the devices. However, I tried it with the iPhone, Advantage, Shadow, and N95-3 with the same results for each device. The caller could not hear the static, but I could on my end of the line.

There is a single multi-function button (MFB) that is located on the upper portion of the headset and stands out as the silver button on the glossy black face. The button is flush with the glossy black outer side of the headset, but it does press in when pushed. The button is used to turn on and off the headset, answer a call (quick single press), end a call (quick single press), reject a call (press and old for one second), redial (press and hold for one second), place a voice call (single press when in standby and your device supports it), transfer a call from the headset to your phone (two quick presses), activate call waiting (press and hold to put on hold and press and hold to switch between calls), and activate supported 3-way calling (double press to add a second call).

There is also a long volume rocker switch on the top of the headset (when placed in your right ear) with the decrease volume control located towards the front and increase volume towards the back. There is a very small LED that appears forward of the MFB under the black finish that flashes blue when active and yellow when powering off. In pairing mode the blue LED will flash rapidly.

The unique boom design of the BLUmaxx attachment allows you to extend the mic away from your ear and closer to your mouth. It is a noise-canceling microphone and you need to pay attention to how it is designed to be positioned because one hole should be placed away from your mouth and one hole towards your mouth. You can connect and disconnect the BLUmaxx without interrupting a call too. A foam windscreen is also provided in the package. Callers mentioned that I did sound closer and clearer with the BLUmaxx installed on the device so for outgoing calls you may want to use this for higher quality performance.

Like the hf2, the etyBLU comes with five different earbud tips; standard 3 flange and long standard 3 flange, small 3 flange and long small 3 flange, and foam. There is also a small wire earloop provided that fits into the headset to hook onto your ear. The headset fits quite far into your ear and depending on your ear canal may sit at an angle that may at first seem strange. I could wear the headset for 30 minutes or so straight, but after that the complete blockage in my ear and the depth in my canal was a bit uncomfortable. I also did not like the feeling when I pressed the MFB because it then pushed the tips around inside my ear which resulted in me trying to hold the earpiece and press the button so it didn’t push in too much.

The ear hook didn’t seem to work near as well for me personally as the ones I have used on the Cardo and Jawbone 2 headsets and it made the device and boom stick out further away from my head and not fit as well as I wanted it to so I did not use the ear loop with the headset after testing it out. You also have to like having a headset that goes far into your ear canal to use this headset, unless you use the foam tips. The rubber tips also block out more sound and make for a better experience. Do make sure to pull up on your ear before pulling the headset out though because it does create quite a seal in your ear canal.

To charge the headset you need to use the included cable that connects in the same place as the BLUmaxx mic boom and then ends with a USB plug so you can charge via your computer. Battery life is reported as 7 hours of talk time and up to 100 hours of standby time. The headset supports Bluetooth 1.1 and later devices and works at a range of up to 30 feet. The headset is very light and weighs less than 0.5 ounce.

I have to admit I was a bit disappointed in this headset and won’t personally be using it since I don’t like how far the ear tip fits into my ear, the ear loop doesn’t feel like it is providing a secure attachment, and the static/strength of the Bluetooth radio seems a bit weak. Callers mentioned that the quality was very good with the BLUmaxx so if outgoing call performance is your primary concern then you might want to consider this headset. The etyBLU is available now for US$129 from the Etymotic Research site.

New Aliph Jawbone: I tested out the first generation Aliph Jawbone and after a few uses sent it back to the person who loaned it to me because I could not master the trick to get it on my ear easily and thought the ear loop and attachment design had major flaws. I then tried it again after picking one up at CES and was able to get the attachment method figured out for the most part. It seems that everyone loved the headset and I just didn’t understand how they could find it so compelling when I could barely get it attached in time to answer a call. Aliph has definitely listened to user feedback with the new Jawbone and I have to say that this is one impressive Bluetooth headset.

The packaging alone for this headset makes you feel as though you are buying a high quality product with cool small black boxes for the earbuds and earloops (2 earbuds and 3 earloops are included in addition to the earbud and earloop on the headset in the package) and a plastic display piece that highlights the Jawbone. You get small, medium, and large earbuds, medium and large earloops both in leather covered and standard wire models. The medium earbud and medium leather earloop come on the headset out of the box and are the ones that seemed to fit me best too.

The new Jawbone is 50% the size of the first Jawbone and the size is immediately noticeable. The design has also been updated with a cool diamond cut plastic outer face. There are actually two buttons on the device that you won’t see just by looking at the device since the buttons are on the inside of the face and are activated by pressing in on different places in the solid small piece of plastic. The talk button is located just forward of the very small and cool indicator light on the outer side. The Noise Assassin button is located on the very back end of the outer face and you actually push the face forward to activate it.

The earbud and Voice Activity Sensor (VAS), the small clear plastic nub found on the original Jawbone too, are located on the inside of the headset. The earloop fits into a hold in the earbud and can easily be slid out to move the headset to your right or left ear. The VAS needs to be touching your face for the Noise Assassin technology to work properly. The Noise Assassin technology is designed to elminate background noise and improve voice clarity.

There are no volume controls on the headset and Aliph states that volume is automatically adjusted to fit your surroundings.

The ear loop has undergone MAJOR improvements and has a more traditional over the ear loop that comes in two different sizes in your retail box. Two loops are covered in smooth leather and feel wonderful on my ear while giving a classy look to the headset. There is a rubber covered speaker that rests just inside your ear, but does not go far into the ear canal. I have to say I was able to comfortably wear the Jawbone 2 for hours and never felt any discomfort in my ear or head. You can also wear the headset without the ear loop and as long as you are not moving your head around too much it stays in place quite well.

After you charge the headset and turn it on for the first time, the Jawbone automatically goes into pairing mode to make for a great out-of-box experience. The indicator light flashes red and white during pairing. You can then activate pairing mode yourself after the first usage. The cool thing about the LED is that you can actually turn it off completely by pressing on the Talk button quickly 5 times in a row.

You use the Talk button to answer or end a call and to turn on and off the headset. The Talk button can also be used to answer an incoming call while you are on another call. The Noise Assassin (back button) is used to reject a call, initiate voice dialing (if your phone supports it), redial the last number, turn the noise shield/Noise Assassin functionality off, and to change the volume. There are no dedicate volume buttons and the headset is supposed to manage volume dynamically, but you can also use the Noise Assassin button to cycle through multiple volume levels. When I manually changed the volume level, the headset really cranked up high and 90% of the time I let the headset manage the volume and it did very well.

The new Jawbone also has a new charging connector that looks similar to the old connector, but smaller. The charging connector also has magnets around the connector port so when you get the headset close it is properly brought into contact so you can charge the headset. The cable is a USB cable that plugs into an a/c adapter so you can charge via a wall outlet or your computer.

In my experiences, the battery life is matching very closely to the stated life of 4 hours talk time. I haven’t had the chance to fully test the 192 hours (8 days) of standby time since I haven’t had the device too long and keep on using the headset instead of letting it sit in standby mode. I was able to stay on a call when I was two rooms and over 30 feet away from my iPhone, but it did get a bit statically and lose some quality after 1 wall and about 20 feet. However, this is outstanding performance compared to some other headsets I have tried recently.

The new Jawbone is a major design change over the original Jawbone and if you are looking for a high end headset then I highly recommend you check this one out. You can pick one up at your local AT&T store in black, gold, and silver for US$129.99 each. While it is more than twice as expensive as the cheaper Bluetooth headset, I honestly think the quality and functionality is worth the price. While the performance has been outstanding, it is also quite fashionable and I think this will be one HOT seller this summer.

Nokia BH-903: As part of the Nokia Nseries Blogger Relations program we are usually sent Nseries mobile phones to evaluate. When the N82 was sent along a couple of weeks ago, a Nokia BH-903 stereo Bluetooth headset was also included and I was excited to try it out as I was starting to work out again and was looking for a Bluetooth stereo headset solution.

The Nokia BH-903 is a bit different than any other Bluetooth headset I have tried out because it actually has quite a bit of cable incorporated into the design. You see, the BH-903 is a Bluetooth stereo headset with A2DP, AVRCP, HSP, HFP, and PBAP(Phonebook Access Profile) support that has cables that lead down from both earbuds to a central controller. On the right cable leading down from the earbud, you will also find a very small/micro controller that has a button on one whole face and a smaller button on the side. The larger button is the answer/end key and the small button is the mute key with the microphone opening on the back. Also attached to the cables before you get to the controller are the ends to a single neoprene covered black cable that goes on the back side of your neck to serve as the lanyard/necklace for the controller.

The central controller is about 2.5 inches long x 1.25 inches wide x 3/8 inches thick. The entire headset, controller, and cables weight in at only 1.13 ounces so you can barely tell it is on your neck. The headset is charged with the now-standard Nokia adapter so that is very nice since no separate cable or adapter is required if you are connecting it with a Nokia device. There is nothing along the back and on the top you will find the power button. Everything takes place on the face of the controller with a silver action button/menu key towards the bottom third of the device, a unique directional pad and action button/selection key in the center with a small OLED display (approximately 3/8 high x 1 inch wide) located on the upper part (actually lower when the device is hanging off your neck) of the face. The OLED display is very clear and crisp and I think this is a perfect application for OLED displays. There is also a answer/end button below the menu key with a backlight that appears when a call is made or incoming.

The direction pad presses in and lets you control the center, left, right and then the four corners. The four corners actually light up with a white backlight when you press the directional pad and allow you to control your music with stop, play/pause, forward, and backward buttons. The areas to the left and right of the center directional pad each have a small nub on them and allow you to move left and right in the menu system. The center button serves as a selection button and the small silver button is the Home/menu button that always takes you back to where you can choose the media player, FM radio, phone calls, or settings functions.

The volume is controlled by rotating your finger around the face of the controller where the four corners buttons are placed. Rotating clockwise increases the volume and going counter-clockwise decreases the volume.

The media player controls let you control compatible media players (the Nokia media player and Windows Media Player worked fine on my devices). As I mentioned above you can control your media player using the four corner buttons.

The FM radio is a radio receiver found in the controller and has no relation to the device you may be connected to. You can select and designate favorite radio stations and listen to the radio on the go. It worked fine, but the signal didn’t seem to be that strong and some stations came in a bit weak.

The phone call functionality allows you to place calls from your headset controller, as mentioned above in relation to the phonebook access profile.

The settings option lets you control display brightness, connection manager (you can see what devices you have in your Bluetooth profile for calls and music), auto keylock on or off, language, and reset to factory settings.

There are status icons for the Bluetooth radio, headset mode, media player status (playing, stopped, paused), and battery status. Caller ID and song ID also appear on the OLED display so you can decide whether to take or reject a call without even looking at your phone.

When I paired the BH-903 to my HTC Advantage X7510 a pop-up appeared telling me that the 903 wanted to access my contacts and did I want to allow this to happen. I then found out that the BH-903 talks to supported devices and I can actually view my call log right on the display of the BH-903 controller and access dialed, received, and missed calls without even touching my phone. I can then simply call the number by pressing in on the center action button. No contacts appeared when paired with an Apple iPhone.

The earbuds are round, but in the box Nokia included rather strange shaped (triangular) rubber covers. The package does include two pairs of foam covers for the earbuds, but in reality I found the rubber ones stayed in better and were actually quite comfortable. I did find that the neoprene neck rope slid down the headphone cable as I walked that then created a small pull on the earbud cable and was a bit of an issue. I found that if I pulled the earbud cable up a bit and pulled the controller up it bound less while moving. I will need to put the controller into a chest pocket though when running so it doesn’t bounce around, but I think I have a nice Scott eVest shirt for that.

I connected the BH-903 to a Nokia N81 8GB so I could listen to Maroon V and other tunes to see how well the music sounded and have to admit I was surprised that I experienced clear music the entire time with no loss in the connection or static. Let me repeat this, I never experienced any skipping with this headset! If you have tried other Bluetooth stereo headsets you know that the functionality has been flawed in most due to poor audio performance and continuity. In the past, Bluetooth headsets I have tried and that others have reviewed have skipped parts of the song and if you can’t stream seemlessly then A2DP and Bluetooth stereo is worthless. I was even able to walk out of the room, about 20 feet away, and experience flawless music performance. Callers stated that I sounded fine, although they did say they could tell I was on a headset. Incoming calls sounded very good too.

Nokia reports that the unit has 12 hours of talk time and 220 hours of standby time. That is more than most headsets and was great to see reported. I have been listening to quite a bit of music and making a few calls and the battery is still barely down at all.

The Nokia BH-903 Bluetooth headset has a suggested retail price of US$249.99, but can be found online for around US$180 and up. I love the connectivity options and functionality of the headset and the controller is quite good too. I think if you were going to use this on a bike or elliptical machine then it would work well, but if you are in an activity with lots of movement it may not be the best solution with the controller bouncing around.

Spracht Aura Mobile BT Bluetooth Conferencing speakerphone: I was contacted by Spracht to gauge my interest in testing out their Aura Mobile BT Bluetooth Conferencing speakerphone and even though it has been on the market for almost a year I decided to go ahead and evaluate it since I know many people are looking for good hands-free solutions. The Aura Mobile BT is a Bluetooth hands-free speakerphone, but you can also connect a cordless phone or a PC for VoIP calls. It is designed for in-car and office/home use so you can easily carry it from the car to your home/office and stay connected to your caller or use it for all your conference calling needs.

The box contains everything you need, including the Aura Mobile BT, A/C power adapter, car charger, phone cable (for cordless phones with headset jacks), VoIP cable, external microphone, User Guide, warranty/registration sheet, and a Quickstart brochure. The packaging is quite compact considering everything that is included. The Aura Mobile BT measures 5.5 inches x 3.125 inches x 1 inch thick and weighs 9 ounces. There are a couple of 1.5 inch speakers under the speaker cover on the front of the device that provide decent sound.

As you hold the device in your hand, you can see Bluetooth, Status, and Charge indicator lights along the top of the face that glow in blue, amber, and green, depending on the status. Below this and taking up the majority of the device are the two speakers with a solid grill over the top. On the left side just below half way down is the Bluetooth mode button (pairing, accept call, hang up call) that also serves to initiate voice dialing with compatible mobile phones (for example, it worked very well with the Nokia N82) and below this is the microphone mute button. On the right side just below half way down is the volume up button with the volume down button below this. On the bottom center of the face is the power on/off button.

I understood this device was designed for in car use, but at first I didn’t see any method of attaching the Aura Mobile BT to my car dash or overhead. I then read in the manual and found that the visor clip is integrated into the bottom of the device. You simply insert your finger into the opening (found along the bottom back of the device) and pull the entire bottom down and away from the unit. This bottom piece then fits around your visor and secures the speakerphone in place. There is an external microphone that attaches to the 2.5mm input (located along the top outer edge) that also has a small clip so you can attach it to your visor. The power and line in jacks are also present along the top outer edge adjacent to the 2.5mm microphone port.

While you can connect the Aura Mobile BT to your Windows/Mac computer via the included cable or via Bluetooth to use the device as an external speaker and microphone for VoIP calls, I only tried this once with the cable and it worked well. My main intent for the device was as an in-car speakerphone. I attached it to my visor and connected it with a Nokia N82, N95-3, and HTC Advantage. It worked quite well and the volume was adequate, but I did have to turn off my stereo to hear the caller loud and clear. I also discovered that the Spracht Aura Mobile BT works very well as a podcast speaker when connected to a Nokia Nseries device because these S60 devices work well with audio out via Bluetooth. These mobile phones do have speakerphones, but the Aura Mobile BT provides a bit more volume and is versatile enough to be used with many different devices.

You can purchase the Aura Mobile BT for US$129.95 via the Spracht online store or starting at US$82 via other online retailers.

I don’t make a ton of phone calls in the car and am pleased enough with a Bluetooth headset for my calling needs. However, if you make a lot of calls in your vehicle, then you may really appreciate something like this device that lets you talk hands-free in speakerphone mode while on the road.

So what solution(s) did I decided to implement?: After checking out these 5 hands-free solutions, my decision of which to use as my primary solution came down to one overall solution with two others being used depending on which device I had in hand. The new Aliph Jawbone impressed me more than I thought it would and is my preferred universal solution. I can hardly tell it is even on my ear and the sound quality has been great.


If I have a Nokia S60 device with me and want to listen to music, then the Nokia BH-903 rocks the house and is my preferred solution. I also like using this headset on the elliptical machine in combo with a Nseries device.

If the iPhone is in my hand and I want to listen to music or podcasts, then the Etymotic hf2 is my preferred solution.

AMD power usage trumps Intel — but does anyone care?

I absolutely agree with David Berlind regarding the importance of low-power servers. [How a chill-pill for your server room improves your bottom line] What I don’t understand, however, (and haven’t for quite a long time) is why the power consumption issue is getting attention now that Intel is talking about its next-gen low-power offerings.

Check the actual CPU power consumption figures at Lost Circuits (measured directly off the CPU) or system-level consumption numbers from Tech Report and we see the same trend.

Intel Xeon, Pentium 4, and Pentium D cores consume far more power at idle (if C&Q is enabled on AMD) and at load, regardless, than their 90nm AMD counterparts. In fact, if you look back at older reviews, Opteron has been generally lauded as a much cooler, quieter CPU than its Nocona/Irwindale counterpart.

Opteron 252s have been available for over six months; low power and ultra-low-power versions of Opteron have been available even longer, and the advent of AMD’s dual core demonstrates beyond a shadow of a doubt whose got the lower-power chip—the Opteron 152 system draws 201W at full load, as compared to the 840 at 292W. Michael Schuette’s direct-CPU measurements at Lost Circuits show Toledo 4800+ drawing 80W at full load, versus 136W on 840.

Don’t get me wrong; I realize 80W still doesn’t compare to the 32W limit on some of Intel’s upcoming server products–but the point is, AMD processors have been pounding Intel chips in terms of power usage for the last 12 months…and no one seems to have given a damn. My point isn’t just that you haven’t mentioned it here before, but that no one seems to have made mention of it, period.

Coincidence? Luck? Conspiracy theory? I don’t know. But having worked with Nocona and high-end Prescott, and seen how dramatically better Opteron and Athlon 64 are in terms of power draw, I do think the press and industry (in general) should have been more cognizant of AMD’s benefits in this area.

A perfect storm for rich Internet apps

The latest craze among the search/shopping/mapping/community etc. portals is look-alike personalized pages. Access to news, e-mail, stock quotes, buddies, RSS subscriptions from a single dashboard. The current fashion is the bare bones interface, shorn of any unnecessary graphics and with some basic configuration capabilities. Unadorned simplicity is good, but with broadband speeds and technologies like Flash is the stripped down interface what users really need or want for their "home" pages? Or, is it just what they are given, and what has historically worked for Yahoo and Google, which were build on basic HTML search interfaces.

MyYahoo personalized page



Google personalized home page



We have access to all kinds of rich media that should be accessible in personalized pages, not just as links. Corporate portals, for example, present dashboards with all kinds of vital data and widgets that allow you to run a business from a few screenfuls of information. Web map applications from Google, Microsoft and Yahoo are becoming highly enriched and interactive.

A perfect storm is brewing for new kinds of personalized interfaces and applications that meld various media types and give users far more control over what is on their dashboard. You should be able to drag and drop widgets–your e-mail, stock portfolio, contacts, business metrics, feeds, playlists, TV shows, all within a standards-based browser environment. You should be able to perform tasks and interact without having to stray far from your personalized page. Laszlo Systems, for instance, has an open source platform for creating dashboards and rich Internet applications.

Prototype Laszlo dashboard



I’m not advocating that we should abandon the unadorned interface, but if broadband and media convergence are upon us, the sites with millions of users should at least give them the option of a rich Internet experience…

Dan Farber, editor-in-chief of CNET News.com, has more than 20 years of experience as an editor and journalist covering technology. See his full profile and disclosure of his industry affiliations.

If AMD is David and Intel is Goliath, What is VIA? Cinderella?

Kowal, a native of Canada now living in Taiwan where VIA is headquartered, is touring the US to talk about the latest addition to VIA’s processor lineup — the C7-M. The "M" stands for mobile and, according to VIA, this processor is, watt-for-watt, the most powerful processor on the market (although it could be true, I can’t verify this since no systems are shipping yet). What’s so special about the C7-M? It’s a 2 GHz x86-compatible processor that, according to Kowal, not only takes only 20 watts of power (Intel’s latest Pentium M takes 27 and AMD’s most advanced Turion, which is 64-bit capable, takes 25) but also has a built-in security co-processor that can perform AES encryption on data being transmitted across the network or stored locally on the hard drive in real time.

During the interview, Kowal and David Berlind covered a lot of ground. Everything from whether or not VIA has any business mixing it up with AMD and Intel (answer: Yes) to whether the company has a 64-bit capable processor in the works (answer: Yes) to why the security coprocessor isn’t Trusted Platform Module-compliant (answer: listen to the interview) to whether we’ll ever see a $100 PC (answer: probably not). We also talked about the embedded market, where VIA is scoring design wins and who, if anybody, has contracted with VIA for a boatload of C7-Ms. Here are some highlights from the interview:

Kowal on why VIA can find its way in the battle between Intel and AMD when Transmeta couldn’t:

There is a big battle going on – always between Intel and AMD. But our previous processor – the C3 – was very successful in some areas of the market. We’re very strong in the embedded space. We developed the mini-ITX form factor which did very well and is based on our C3 processor. Our core design values around the C7 and the previous C3 are all about low power and low thermals that can enable a lot of very cool designs. Much like Transmeta. Via also has the strong backing behind it of the platform base of chipsets and the strong partnerships with the foundries. So we come from a much stronger base level and that’s why we’ll be able to succeed.

Kowal on why VIA’s technology means we’ll see fanless (ultra quiet) notebook computers:

I think with C7-M and later we’ll have some ultra low voltage parts, yes, fanless is very possible. In fact, we expect most of the early design wins will have a minimal of cooling…. It depends on the manufacturer. If there is a fan, it’s going to be pretty small and not making much noise. They’re using our ultra cool processors [that have] a tiny die size and a tiny transistor count. So, therefore, they put out very little heat.

Kowal on whether or not capacity or yield will be a problem for the new mobile processors:

Manufacturing is done in IBM’s Fishkill fab in New York. We’re happy with how things are looking right now and don’t see any capacity problems.

Thursday, May 22, 2008

ADVERTISING

Advertising is a form of communication whose purpose is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain and use them. Many advertisements are also designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinforcement of brand image and brand loyalty. For these purposes advertisements often contain both factual information and persuasive messages. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including: television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet , and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company.

Advertisements can also be seen on the seats of grocery carts, on the walls of an airport walkway, on the sides of buses, heard in telephone hold messages and in-store public address systems. Advertisements are usually placed anywhere an audience can easily and/or frequently access visuals and/or audio and print

Organizations which frequently spend large sums of money on advertising but do not strictly sell a product or service to the general public include: political parties, interest groups, religion-supporting organizations, and militaries looking for new recruits. Additionally, some non-profit organizations are not typical advertising clients and rely upon free channels, such as public service announcements.

Advertising spending has increased dramatically in recent years. In the United States alone in 2006, spending on advertising reached $155 billion, reported TNS Media Intelligence. That same year, according to a report titled Global Entertainment and Media Outlook: 2006-2010 issued by global accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers, worldwide advertising spending was $385 billion. The accounting firm's report projected worldwide advertisement spending to exceed half-a-trillion dollars by 2010.

While advertising can be seen as necessary for economic growth, it is not without social costs. Unsolicited Commercial Email and other forms of spam have become so prevalent as to have become a major nuisance to users of these services, as well as being a financial burden on internet service providers. Advertising is increasingly invading public spaces, such as schools, which some critics argue is a form of child exploitation.

Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of ancient Arabia. Egyptians used papyrus to create sales messages and wall posters, while lost-and-found advertising on papyrus was common in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock-art paintings that date back to 4000 BCE. As printing developed in the 15th and 16th century, advertising expanded to include handbills. In the 17th century advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in England. These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote: books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press; and medicines, which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe. However, false advertising and so-called "quack" advertisements became a problem, which ushered in the regulation of advertising content.
Edo period advertising flyer from 1806 for a traditional medicine called Kinseitan

As the economy expanded during the 19th century, advertising grew alongside. In the United States, the success of this advertising format eventually led to the growth of mail-order advertising.

In June 1836, French newspaper La Presse is the first to include paid advertising in its pages, allowing it to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its profitability. The formula is soon copied by all titles. In 1841, the first advertising agency was established by Volney Palmer in Boston. Around the same time, in France, Charles-Louis Havas extended the services of his news agency, Havas to include advertisement brokerage, making it the first French advertising agency. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer & Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N.W. Ayer opened in 1875, and was located in Philadelphia. At the turn of the century, there were few career choices for women in business; however, advertising was one of the few. Since women were responsible for most of the purchasing done in their household, advertisers and agencies recognised the value of women's insight during the creative process. In fact, the first American advertising to use a sexual sell was created by a woman – for a soap product. Although tame by today's standards, the advertisement featured a couple with the message "The skin you love to touch".
A print advertisement for the 1913 issue of the Encyclopædia Britannica

When radio stations began broadcasting in the early 1920s, the programs were however nearly exploded. This was so because the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers. As time passed, many non-profit organizations followed suit in setting up their own radio stations, and included: schools, clubs and civic groups. When the practice of sponsoring programs was popularised, each individual radio program was usually sponsored by a single business in exchange for a brief mention of the business' name at the beginning and end of the sponsored shows. However, radio station owners soon realised they could earn more money by selling sponsorship rights in small time allocations to multiple businesses throughout their radio station's broadcasts, rather than selling the sponsorship rights to single businesses per show. This practice was carried over to television in the late 1940s and early 1950s. A fierce battle was fought between those seeking to commercialise the radio and people who argued that the radio spectrum should be considered a part of the commons – to be used only non-commercially and for the public good. The United Kingdom pursued a public funding model for the BBC, originally a private company but incorporated as a public body by Royal Charter in 1927. In Canada, advocates like Graham Spry were likewise able to persuade the federal government to adopt a public funding model. However, in the United States, the capitalist model prevailed with the passage of the 1934 Communications Act which created the Federal Communications Commission. To placate the socialists, the U.S. Congress did require commercial broadcasters to operate in the "public interest, convenience, and necessity". Nevertheless, public radio does exist in the United States of America. In the early 1950s, the Dumont television network began the modern trend of selling advertisement time to multiple sponsors. Previously, Dumont had trouble finding sponsors for many of their programs and compensated by selling smaller blocks of advertising time to several businesses. This eventually became the norm for the commercial television industry in the United States. However, it was still a common practice to have single sponsor shows, such as the U.S. Steel Hour. In some instances the sponsors exercised great control over the content of the show - up to and including having one's advertising agency actually writing the show. The single sponsor model is much less prevalent now, a notable exception being the Hallmark Hall of Fame.

The 1960s saw advertising transform into a modern approach in which creativity was allowed to shine, producing unexpected messages that made advertisements more tempting to consumers' eyes. The Volkswagen ad campaign--featuring such headlines as "Think Small" and "Lemon" (which were used to describe the appearance of the car)--ushered in the era of modern advertising by promoting a "position" or "unique selling proposition" designed to associate each brand with a specific idea in the reader or viewer's mind. This period of American advertising is called the Creative Revolution and its poster boy was Bill Bernbach who helped create the revolutionary Volkswagen ads among others. Some of the most creative and long-standing American advertising dates to this incredibly creative period.
Public advertising on Times Square, New York City.

The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the introduction of cable television and particularly MTV. Pioneering the concept of the music video, MTV ushered in a new type of advertising: the consumer tunes in for the advertising message, rather than it being a byproduct or afterthought. As cable and satellite television became increasingly prevalent, specialty channels emerged, including channels entirely devoted to advertising, such as QVC, Home Shopping Network, and ShopTV.

Marketing through the Internet opened new frontiers for advertisers and contributed to the "dot-com" boom of the 1990s. Entire corporations operated solely on advertising revenue, offering everything from coupons to free Internet access. At the turn of the 21st century, a number of websites including the search engine Google, started a change in online advertising by emphasizing contextually relevant, unobtrusive ads intended to help, rather than inundate, users. This has led to a plethora of similar efforts and an increasing trend of interactive advertising.

The share of advertising spending relative to GDP has changed little across large changes in media. For example, in the U.S. in 1925, the main advertising media were newspapers, magazines, signs on streetcars, and outdoor posters. Advertising spending as a share of GDP was about 2.9%. By 1998, television and radio had become major advertising media. Nonetheless, advertising spending as a share of GDP was slightly lower -- about 2.4%.

A recent advertising innovation is "guerrilla promotions", which involve unusual approaches such as staged encounters in public places, giveaways of products such as cars that are covered with brand messages, and interactive advertising where the viewer can respond to become part of the advertising message. This reflects an increasing trend of interactive and "embedded" ads, such as via product placement, having consumers vote through text messages, and various innovations utilizing social networking sites (e.g. MySpace).

Paul McManus, the Creative Director of TBWA\Europe in the late 90's summed up advertising as being "...all about understanding. Understanding of the brand, the product or the service being offered and understanding of the people (their hopes and fears and needs) who are going to interact with it. Great advertising is the creative expression of that understanding."

Below are some of the creative and impressive advertisements...!






frost fire






Who is a frost fire?
A middle class person who is efficient, has will power and hardworking to acheive his GOAL, is blocked from doing so by ECONOMY & CASTE...!


BLACK ECONOMY:

The underground economy or black market is a market consisting of all commerce on which applicable taxes and/or regulations of trade are being avoided. The term is also often known as the underdog, shadow economy, black economy or parallel economy.

In modern societies the underground economy covers a vast array of activities. It is generally smallest in countries where economic freedom is greatest, and becomes progressively larger in those areas where corruption, regulation, or legal monopolies restrict legitimate economic activity.


Pricing

Goods acquired illegally can take one of two price levels:
They may be less expensive than legal market prices, as the supplier does not incur the normal production costs or pay the usual taxes. This is usually the case in the underground market for stolen goods.
Alternatively, illegally supplied goods may be more expensive than normal prices, as the product in question is difficult to acquire or produce, dangerous to deal with or may hardly be available legally. This is usually the case in the underground market for goods that are illegal to purchase, sell or possess.

Consumer issues

Even when the underground market offers lower prices, consumers are likely to continue the purchase of the legal counterparts, when possible, due to the following reasons:
The consumer may — justifiably — prefer legal suppliers, as they are both easier to contact and can be held legally accountable in case of product faults
In some oppressive jurisdictions, customers may be charged with a criminal offence if they knowingly participate in the unregulated economy, even as a customer.
Consumers may feel that they incur a physical risk to their person, whilst dealing with black market goods, depending on the goods and how they are acquired
Consumers may feel that the black market supplier conducts business immorally, particularly in cases where the black market supplier exploits their own supplier or has a history of exploiting other consumers

However, in some cases consumers may actively prefer the underground market, particularly when government regulations unnecessarily hinder a legitimate service. Examples include:
Unlicensed taxicabs. In Baltimore, it has been reported that many consumers actively prefer illegal taxis, citing that they are more available, convenient, and priced fairly.
Highly marginalised groups, such as undocumented immigrants, may effectively be excluded from the aboveboard economy and thus may undertake most of their purchases and employment in the underground economy.

Traded goods and services

In developed countries, some examples of underground economic activities include:

Transportation Providers

In areas where taxicabs, buses, and other transportation providers are strictly regulated or monopolised by government, an active black market typically flourishes in providing transportation to underserved communities. In the United States, some cities restrict entry to the taxicab market via a medallion system. This has led to an active market illegal taxicab operation. Customers range from black Americans living in urban neighborhoods to rural old-order Amish.

Illegal drugs

Beginning in the 19th and 20th centuries, many countries began to ban the possession or use of various recreational drugs, such as the United States’ famous “war on drugs.” Many people nonetheless continue to use illegal drugs, and a black market exists to supply them. Despite ongoing law enforcement efforts to intercept illegal drug supplies, demand remains high, providing a large profit motive for organized criminal groups to ensure that drugs are available. The United Nations has reported that the retail market value of illegal drugs is worth 321.6 billion dollars. While law enforcement efforts do capture a small percentage of the distributors of illegal drugs, the high and very inflexible demand for such drugs ensures that black market prices will simply rise in response to the decrease in supply—encouraging new distributors to enter the market in a perpetual cycle. Many drug legalisation activists draw parallels between the United States’ experience with alcohol Prohibition and the current bans on various psychoactive drugs.

Prostitution

Prostitution is illegal or highly regulated in some nations throughout the world. In such areas it is classic study of the underground economy because of consistent high demand from customers, as well the high pay, labor intensive, and low skill aspects the work attract a continued supply of sex workers . While prostitution is observed in virtually every nation, studies have shown that it tends to especially flourish in poorer countries, and in areas with large numbers of unattached males, such as around military bases.

Prostitutes in such areas generally operate with some degree of secrecy, sometimes negotiating price and activities through codewords and subtle gesture. Additionally, in areas such as the Netherlands where prostitution is legal but carefully regulated, illegal prostitutes exist whose services are offered without regard for legal requirements or procedures. In Nicaragua legal prostitution is regulated and most upscale hotels require identification of both parties involved to help prevent the growing percentage of child prostitution.

Weaponry

The legislatures of most countries forbid or restrict the ownership of personal arms. These can range from cold steel weapons exceeding certain sizes to firearms, either altogether or by classification (e.g. calibre, automatism, etc), to explosives. The black market can supply such demands, by smuggling the arms from countries where they were either purchased legally or stolen. The purchase of personal arms via these channels can be of use to criminals, those who wish to use them for self defence, and weapons collectors.

Alcohol and tobacco

Black markets can also form near when neighboring jurisdictions with loose or no border controls have substantially different tax rates on similar products. Products that are commonly smuggled to fuel these black markets include alcohol and tobacco.

It has been reported that smuggling one truckload of cigarettes from a low-tax U.S. state to those jurisdictions of the same country with the highest taxes can lead to a profit of up to $2 million. The low-tax states are generally the major tobacco producers and have come under enormous criticism for their reluctance to increase taxes from their minimal rates. North Carolina eventually agreed to raise its taxes from 5 cents per pack to 35 cents, although this remains far below the national average. However, South Carolina has thus far refused to follow suit and raise their taxes from seven cents per pack (currently the lowest in the U.S.A.) Some law enforcement officials have expressed concern that the profits from tobacco smuggling may be directed to terrorist organizations. This has led to calls for the U.S. Congress to intervene by setting mandatory minimum tobacco taxes for all states.

Copyrighted media

Street vendors in many third world countries, particularly in Asia where loose enforcement of copyright law exists, often sell deeply discounted copies of films, music CDs, and computer software such as video games, sometimes long before the official release of a title. Innovations in consumer DVD and CD burners and the widespread availability on the Internet of cracks for most extant forms of copy protection technology allow anyone with a few hundred dollars to produce DVD and CD copies that are digitally identical to an original and suffer no loss in quality.

Such operations have proven very difficult for copyright holders to combat legally, due to their decentralized nature and the cheap widespread availability of the equipment needed to produce illegal copies for sale. Widespread indifference towards the enforcement of copyright law on the part of law enforcement officials, as well as social acceptance, further compounds the issue.

Appearance and disappearance

In the case of the legal prohibition of a product viewed by large segments of the society as harmless, such as alcohol under prohibition in the United States, the black market can prosper, allowing the black marketeers can reinvest profits in a widely diversified array of legal or illegal activities, well beyond the original item.

Underground markets can be reduced or eliminated by removing the relevant legal restrictions, thereby increasing the supply and quality of formerly banned goods, e.g. marijuana-trade debate. Removing legal restrictions will usually reduce the price of the goods in question, possibly resulting in more of them being bought and sold. This can be beneficial to the state, as the state:
simultaneously decreases the illegal cashflow, thus making the performance of other, potentially more harmful, activities financially harder.
can perform quality and safety controls on the traded goods, thus reducing the harm to the consumers
can tax the trade, thus providing a source of revenue

This can, however, be seen by some people as the equivalent of legalising crime, in order to reduce the number of “official” criminal activities.

Modern examples

Wars

Black markets flourish in most countries during wartime. Most states engaged in total war or other large-scale, extended wars must necessarily impose restrictions on domestic use of critical resources, which are needed for the war effort, such as food, gasoline, rubber, metal, etc., typically through rationing. In most cases, a black market develops to supply rationed goods at exorbitant prices. The rationing and price controls enforced in many countries during World War II encouraged widespread black market activity.

During the Vietnam war, soldiers would spend MPC (military money) on maid service and sexual entertainment[citation needed], thus supporting their partners and their families. If the local then wanted consumer goods, which were sparse in the civil stores due to governmental import controls, he would purchase them for the double price from one of the soldiers, who owned a monthly ration card and thus had access to the military stores.[citation needed] The transactions ran through the on-base maids to the local populace. Despite the fact that these activities were illegal, only flagrant or large scale black marketers were prosecuted by the military.[citation needed]

Prohibition in the United States
Main article: Prohibition in the United States

Of alcohol

Prohibition period in the early twentieth century in the United States is a classic example of the creation of a black market, its activity while the affected good has to be acquired on the black market, and its end. Many organized crime groups took advantage of the lucrative opportunities in the resulting black market in banned alcohol production and sales. Since much of the populace did not view drinking alcohol as a particularly harmful activity (that is, consumers and its traders shouldn’t be treated like conventional criminals), illegal speakeasies prospered, and organizations such as the Mafia grew tremendously more powerful through their black market activities distributing alcohol.

Of smoking

This effect similarly is seen today, when jurisdictions pass bans on smoking in bars and restaurants. In such jurisdictions, smokeasies (businesses, especially barrooms, which allows smoking despite the legal prohibition) frequently arise. This phenomenon is very prevalent in many jurisdictions with smoking bans, including California, Philadelphia, Dublin, Utah, Seattle, Scotland, Ohi, Washington, D.C.. and Iowa

Clearstream

The Clearstream scandal is an example of such tax evasion. Based in Luxembourg, Clearstream practices financial clearing, which means it centralises operations of multiple banks, some based in tax havens.

CASTE:

Castes are hereditary systems of social occupation, endogamy, social culture, economic class, and political power.Discrimination based on a person's caste is prevalent mainly in parts of Asia(India,Srilanka,Bangladesh,Nepal,Japan) and Africa. Today, it is commonly associated with the Indian caste system and the Varna in Hinduism. In a caste society, the assignment of individuals to places in the social hierarchy is decided by social group and cultural heritage. At the same time, the social groups, while promoting their own exclusiveness and endogamy, are traditionally mindful of the general and peculiar roles of the other groups. UNICEF estimates that discrimination based on caste affects 250 million people worldwide.


Caste can be defined as a hereditary system of social grouping distinguished by degrees of purity, social status,and exclusiveness.

The varna system in Hinduism is often now associated with the word caste as of the estimated 250-300 million people affected by caste discrimination in the world,179 million are Indian dalits. The term caste was first used by the Portuguese during their 16th century voyages to India. The term caste comes from the Spanish and Portuguese word "casta" which is derived from the Latin word meaning "Chaste" or "Pure." However, many have stated due to Portuguese ignorance of Indian culture and religious tradition they asserted their own 14th century prejudices when defining the social structures found in India. The system is difficult to define through western structures because it incorporates ancient social traditions and Dharmic laws.

The four main types of occupations (varna) stated in the Rigveda were as follows.
Brahmins (scholars and priests)
Kshatriyas (soldier warriors)
Vaishyas (merchants, artisans, and cultivators)
Shudras (workers)

Social structure

A caste system is one in which members of a particular caste cannot adopt new occupations, traditions or social heritage. Indian scriptures speak of 'varna,' which means category, type or order (of things), and view the human society in general as one based on 'guna' (quality), or personality traits of social groups.

In "A New History of India," by Stanley Wolpert, "[such] a process of expansion, settled agricultural production, and pluralistic integration of new people led to the development of India's uniquely complex system of social organization by occupation..."

There are countless sub-castes (organized by occupations) in India throughout history. Before universal education, job skills were often transferred within families - with prohibitions on training in the skills of other castes. The Brahmins conceptualised a hypothetical system to describe this reality, by categorizing occupation or related job into one of the four broad occupations varnas.

The Brahmins' primary responsibility was to learn the scriptures, teach others and pray for peace, harmony and well being of the people and even the whole society. They typically had few possessions and relied on others to maintain them. The Kshastriyas'(warriors') responsibility was to provide security and risk their lives on the battlefield to protect the society. The Vaishyas' and Shudras' responsibility was to build the economy and perform economic activity so the society could grow and prosper.Name Modern Names Social Task
Brahmins Teacher/Priests Learning, teaching and praying for well-being of society
Kshastriyas Soldiers Maintain security & protect society from attack
Vaishyas Skilled workers Perform economic activity & build economy to maintain society
Shudras Manual workers Perform economic activity & build economy to maintain society


India was occupied by Turkic-Mongol Muslim invaders from about 1000 AD to about 1700. They were replaced by Europeans, mainly British, from about 1700 to 1947. During that millennium, successive Muslim and European rulers introduced and even enforced their own views and dogmas, yet the Indian society continued to embrace the caste based structure. This was despite the fact that the new groups provided special privileges to their own kind: Turkic-Mongol invaders to Muslims and European invaders to Christians and there was a powerful built-in disincentive for the Indian people to continue with their traditions and culture. The British attempted to reduce "Matam," the historical caste system, and instead promoted contempt and denigration of India's traditional caste system.

Castes in Africa

Countries in Africa who have societies with caste systems within their borders include Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Niger, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Algeria, Nigeria, Chad, Ethiopia and Somalia.

The Osu caste system in Nigeria and southern Cameroon are derived from indigenous religious beliefs and discriminate against the "Osus" people as "owned by deities" and outcasts.

Similarly, the Mande societies in Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast and Ghana have caste systems that divide society by occupation and ethnic ties. The Mande caste system regards the "Jonow" slave castes as inferior. Similarly, the Wolof caste system in Senegal is divided into three main groups, the Geer (freeborn/nobles), jaam (slaves and slave descendents) and the outcasted neeno (people of caste). In various parts of West Africa, Fulani societies also have caste divisions.

Other caste systems in Africa include the Borana caste system of NE Kenya with the Watta as the lowest caste, the Tuareg caste system, the "Ubuhake" castes in Rwanda and Burundi, and the Hutu undercastes in Rwanda who committed genocide on the Tutsi overlords in the now infamous Rwandan Genocide.

Sahrawi-Moorish society in Northwest Africa was traditionally (and still is, to some extent) stratified into several tribal castes, with the Hassane warrior tribes ruling and extracting tribute - horma - from the subservient znaga tribes. Although lines were blurred by intermarriage and tribal re-affiliation, the Hassane were considered descendants of the Arab Maqil tribe Beni Hassan, and held power over Sanhadja Berber-descended zawiya (religious) and znaga (servant) tribes. The so-called Haratin lower class, largely sedentary oasis-dwelling black people, have been considered natural slaves in Sahrawi-Moorish society.

The Somali clans are divided into "noble clans", the Rahanweyn agro-pastoral clans and the lower castes such as Somali Bantus and Midgan, sometimes treated as outcasts.

Castes in China

The Southern and Northern Dynasties showed such a high level of polarization between North and South that northerners and southerners referred to each other as barbarians; the Mongol Yuan Dynasty also made use of the concept: Yuan subjects were divided into four castes, with northern Han Chinese occupying the second-lowest caste and southern Han Chinese occupying the lowest one.

Traditional Yi society in Yunnan was caste based. People were split into the Black Yi (nobles, 5% of the population), White Yi (commoners), Ajia (33% of the Yi population) and the Xiaxi (10%). Ajia and Xiaxi were slave castes. The White Yi were not slaves but had no freedom of movement. The Black Yi were famous for their slave-raids on Han Chinese communities. After the 1959 some 700,000 slaves were freed.

Castes in Hawaii

Ancient Hawaii was a caste society. People were born into specific social classes; social mobility was not unknown, but it was extremely rare. The main classes were:
Aliʻi, the royal class. This class consisted of the high and lesser chiefs of the realms. They governed with divine power called mana.
Kahuna, the priestly and professional class. Priests conducted religious ceremonies, at the heiau and elsewhere. Professionals included master carpenters and boatbuilders, chanters, dancers, genealogists, and physicians and healers.
Makaʻāinana, the commoner class. Commoners farmed, fished, and exercised the simpler crafts. They labored not only for themselves and their families, but to support the chiefs and kahuna.
Kauwa, the outcast or slave class. They are believed to have been war captives, or the descendents of war captives. Marriage between higher castes and the kauwa was strictly forbidden. The kauwa worked for the chiefs and were often used as human sacrifices at the luakini heiau. (They were not the only sacrifices; law-breakers of all castes or defeated political opponents were also acceptable as victims.)

Balinese caste system

The caste system in Bali is similar to the Indian caste system; however, India's caste system is far more complicated than Bali's, and there are only four Balinese castes:
Shudras - peasants making up more than 90% of Bali's population
Vaishyas - the caste of merchants
Kshatrias - the warrior caste, it also included some nobility and kings
Brahmans - holy men and priests

Different dialects of the Balinese language are used to address members of a different caste. The Balinese caste system does not have untouchables.

Castes in India
Main articles: Caste system in India, Reservation in India, Caste system among South Asian Muslims, and Caste system among Indian Christians

Caste system among Hindus

Hindu society is divided into several thousands of clans and sub-castes called Jatis. To say "caste in India" subsumes two categories - the varna (class/group), the theoretical system of categorization found in Brahminical traditions and the Jati - clan or (tribe) system actually prevalent in the society, where a person is born into a jati with ascribed social roles, which under normal circumstances can not be changed. The jati provided identity and status and was arguably open to change based on economic and political influences, except for the Brahmins, a group whose culture was difficult to emulate and in all likelihood, not even attractive to others, because of its life of poverty, strict if not stifling personal discipline, piety, learning and teaching.

On the other hand, Varna as enunciated in the Hindu texts eg Manusmriti, categorised the people in the Indian society based on qualities and occupation into just 4 categories and is popularly referred to as the caste system. Broadly speaking, the varnas are Brahmins (priests, scholars and teachers), Kshatriya (warriors and rulers), Vaisya (traders and agriculturists), and Sudra ( workers and service providers). Brahmins have usually been described by the western orientalists as the priestly class, but this is not entirely accurate. Indeed, a temple priest need not be a Brahmin, but a Yajna or fire sacrifice priest always was. The Greeks and the Muslims, eg Albiruni showed a better understanding when they described Brahmins as the philosophers.

All others, including foreigners, tribals and nomads, who did not subscribe to the norms of the Indian society were untouchables and called 'Mlechhas'. The people who fell outside the four varnas included the group of outcastes now referred as Dalits or the 'downtrodden', by some. Thus, an untouchable, or an outcaste, is a person who does not have any "varnas."

Over time though, economic, political and social factors led to the consolidation of the existing social ranks which became a traditional, hereditary system of social stratification. It operated through thousands of endogamous groups, termed jāti. Though there were several kinds of variations across the breadth of India, the jati was the effective community within which one married and spent most of one's personal life. Often it was the community (jati) which one turned to for support and also the community (jati) which one sought to promote. People of different jatis across the spectrum, have historically tended to avoid intermarriage or even close social interaction with each other. But now, with rapid urbanization and large scale migration, the ensuing crowded living arrangements and public transport, and the broad-based mix of workplace colleagues, has resulted in a significant churn in social attitudes and an unprecedented commingling. Associations of occupations to caste are changing as new castes are developing within castes when new areas are developed in the workforce.

The Indian society has traditionally followed different kinds of community (jati) stratification that has nothing to do with religion. With the 1901 population Census, the British colonial administration force-fitted the Hindu jatis throughout India into the Brahmins' 4 varna categories, ostensibly for administrative ease in understanding the ethnic distribution and classification of the population. With the assertion of "caste" identities under the British empire, communities (jatis) sought to place themselves within varna and mobility in reference to it was not uncommon. Sanskritization is an example of this.

While community (jati) endogamy and food restrictions remains quite strong throughout India, even in the lower caste groups, and though a diverse and rich range of communities is healthy and valuable, the British enforced linking of communities to a particular social Varna status, that has continued to be reinforced by post-independence India for purposes of reverse discrimination, is perhaps the biggest obstacle to the process of dissolution of inherited social status and caste.

The Brahmins were enjoined by their scriptures and texts, including the Manusmriti, to live in poverty and to shun possessions and temporal power and to instead devote themselves to the study and teaching of scriptures and other knowledge, to pure conduct, and to spiritual growth. In fact, they usually subsisted on alms from the rest of the society, including from those in the Shudra varna. This is an important point in understanding the difference between caste and class, which are usually equated in the westernized mind, with concepts of economic hierarchies and dominating power structures deeply embedded in its world-view and belief systems.

Some activists consider that the caste (tribes and jatis) is a form of racial discrimination. This allegation has been disputed by many sociologists such as Andre Béteille, who writes that treating caste as a form of racism is "politically mischievous" and worse, "scientifically nonsense" since there is no discernible difference in the racial characteristics between Brahmins and Scheduled Castes such as the jatav. He writes that "Every social group cannot be regarded as a race simply because we want to protect it against prejudice and discrimination".

The Indian government denies the claims of equivalence between Caste and Racial discrimination, pointing out that the issues of social status is essentially intra-racial and intra-cultural. The view of the caste system as "static and unchanging" has also been disputed. The Indian government has been working towards creating equality between castes with guaranteed seats in educational institutions, government jobs (and promotions) and even in the parliament for those of the Scheduled Untouchable castes and tribes. Scholarships have also been available to all of these groups, so that they can go on to further education more easily and this has raised their social status.Sociologists describe how the perception of the caste system as a static and textual stratification has given way to the perception of the caste system as a more processual, empirical and contextual stratification. Others have applied theoretical models to explain mobility and flexibility in the caste system in India. According to these scholars, groups of lower-caste individuals could seek to elevate the status of their caste by attempting to emulate the practices of higher castes.

Modern status of the caste system

In rural areas and small towns, the caste system is part of the rural cultural values. Many argue rural cultural values and history should be respected, just like rural society respects city culture. The caste system is part of the multicultural heritage of South Asia, and everyone should show respect to each and every caste. Much like multiculturalism is practiced in the rest of the world. Caste system mutual respect seems distant, if ever possible, due to caste politics.[citation needed]

The Government of India has officially documented castes and subcastes, primarily to determine those deserving reservation (positive discrimination in education and jobs) through the census. The Indian reservation system, though limited in scope, relies entirely on quotas. The Government lists consist of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes:
Scheduled castes (SC)
Scheduled castes generally consist of former "untouchables" (the term "Dalit" is now preferred). Present population is 16% of total population of India i.e. around 160 million. For example, the Delhi state has 49 castes listed as SC.
Scheduled tribes (ST)
Scheduled tribes generally consist of tribal groups. Present population is 7% of total population of India i.e. around 70 million.
Other Backward Classes (OBC)
The Mandal Commission covered more than 3000 castes under Other Backward Classes Category and stated that OBCs form around 52% of the Indian population. However, the National Sample Survey puts the figure at 32%. There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India. It is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is lower than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey.

The Supreme Court of India on Apr 10 , 2008 upheld the law for 27% OBC quota the law enacted by the Centre in 2006 providing a quota of 27 per cent for candidates belonging to the Other Backward Classes in Central higher educational institutions .

Caste politics
Main article: Caste politics in India

Mahatma Gandhi, B. R. Ambedkar and Jawaharlal Nehru had radically different approaches to caste especially over constitutional politics and the status of "untouchables." Till the mid-1970s, the politics of independent India was largely dominated by economic issues and questions of corruption. But since the 1980s, caste has emerged as a major issue in the Politics of India.

The Mandal Commission was established in 1979 to "identify the socially or educationally backward," and to consider the question of seat reservations and quotas for people to redress caste discrimination. In 1980, the commission's report affirmed the affirmative action practice under Indian law whereby members of lower castes were given exclusive access to a certain portion of government jobs and slots in public universities. When V. P. Singh Government tried to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission in 1989, massive protests were held throughout the country. Many alleged that the politicians were trying to benefit personally from caste-based reservations for purely pragmatic electoral purposes.

Many political parties in India have openly indulged in caste-based votebank politics. Parties such as Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), the Samajwadi Party and the Janata Dal claim that they are representing the backward castes, and rely primarily on OBC support, often in alliance with Dalit and Muslim support to win the elections.

Castes in Japan

Japan historically subscribed to a feudal caste system. While modern law has officially abolished the caste hierarchy, there are reports of discrimination against the Buraku or Burakumin undercastes, historically referred to by the insulting term "Eta."Studies comparing the caste systems in India and Japan have been performed, with similar discriminations against the Burakumin as the Dalits. The Burakumin are regarded as "ostracized." The burakumin are one of the main minority groups in Japan, along with the Ainu of Hokkaidō and residents of Korean and Chinese descent.

Castes in Korea

The baekjeong were an "untouchable" outcaste group of Korea, often compared with the burakumin of Japan and the dalits of India and Nepal. The term baekjeong itself means "a butcher," but later changed into "common citizens" to change the caste system so that the system would be without untouchables. In the early part of the Goryeo period (918 - 1392), the outcaste groups were largely settled in fixed communities. However, the Mongol invasion left Korea in disarray and anomie, and these groups began to become nomadic. Other subgroups of the baekjeong are the chaein and the hwachae.[citation needed] During the Joseon dynasty, they were specific professions like basket weaving and performing executions. They were also considered in moral violation of Buddhist principles, which lead Koreans to see work involving meat as polluting and sinful, even if they saw the consumption as acceptable.

The opening of Korea to foreign Christian missionary activity in the late 19th century saw some improvement in the status of the baekjeong; However, everyone was not equal under the Christian congregation, and protests erupted when missionaries attempted to integrate them into worship services, with non-baekjeong finding such an attempt insensitive to traditional notions of hierarchical advantage.[citation needed] Also around the same time, the baekjeong began to resist the open social discrimination that existed against them.[40] hey focused on social and economic injustices affecting the baekjeong, hoping to create an egalitarian Korean society. Their efforts included attacking social discrimination by the upper class, authorities, and "commoners" and the use of degrading language against children in public schools.

With the unification of the three kingdoms in the seventh century and the foundation of the Goryeo dynasty in the Middle Ages, Koreans systemized its own native caste system. At the top was the two official classes, the Yangban. Yangban means "two classes." It was composed of scholars (Munban) and warriors (Muban). Within the Yangban class, the Scholars (Munban) enjoyed a significant social advantage over the warrior (Muban) class, until the Muban Rebellion in 1170. Muban ruled Korea under successive Warrior Leaders until the Mongol Conquest in 1253. Sambyeolcho, the private Army of the ruling Choe dynasty, carried on the struggle against the Mongols until 1273, when they were finally wiped out to the last man in Chejudo. With the destruction of the warrior class, the Munban gained ascendancy. In 1392, with the foundation of Joseon dynasty, the full ascendancy of munban over muban was final. With the establishment of Confucianism as the state philosophy of Joseon, the Muban would never again gain its former social standing in Korean society.

Beneath the Yangban class were the Jung-in. They were the technicians. They served in lower level government bureaucracy. They were literate, yet were unable to rise into full bureaucratic positions despite passing the gwageo (central government entrance) exam. This class was small and specialized.

Beneath the Jung-in were the Chun min. They were the landless peasants. These people composed the majority of Korean society until the 1600s. They were illiterate, and forbidden from marrying into the Yangban class. During the Japanese invasion of 1592, as many government genealogical record was burnt, many of them fabricated their social origin and moved into the Yangban class. With the Manchu invasion of Korea in the 1627 and 1637 and numerous peasant rebellions that followed, the ranks of Yangban families swelled up to more than 60% of the whole country by the late 1800s.

Beneath the Cheonmin were the Sangmin, also called Ssangnom in the vernacular. These were the servant class.

Underneath them all were the Baekjeong. The meaning today is that of butcher. They originate from the Khitan invasion of Korea in the 1000s. As they were defeated, instead of sending them back to Manchuria, The Goryeo government retianed them as warriors, spread out throughout Korea. As they were nomads skilled in hunting and tanning of leather, their skill was initially valued by Koreans. Over the centuries, their foreign origins were forgotten, and were only remembered as butchers and tanners.

Korea had a very large slave population, nobi, ranging from a third to half of the entire population for most of the millennium between the Silla period and the Joseon Dynasty. Slavery was legally abolished in Korea in 1894 but remained extant in reality until 1930.

With Gabo reform of 1896, the caste system of Korea was officially abolished. However, the Yangban families carried on traditional education and formal mannerisms into the 20th century. With the democratization of 1990s in South Korea, remnant of such mannerisms and classism is now heavily frowned upon in the South Korean society, replaced by the myth of egalitarianism. However, with rampant capitalism, a new aristocracy is slowly developing, caused by a major gap in income among the people of Korea, with the resulting differences in education and mannerism.

Nepalese caste system

The Nepalese caste system resembles that of the Indian Jāti system with numerous Jāti divisions with a Varna system superimposed.

Caste system in Pakistan

A caste system similar to that in India is practiced in Pakistan. In the absence of "classical" castes, typically the proxies used are ethnic background (Sindhi, Punjabi, Pusthun, Balochi, Mohajir etc.), tribal affiliations and religious denominations or sects (Sunni, Shia, Ahmadiyya, Ismaili, Christian, Hindu etc.).

While caste/social stratification information can be found relating to specific areas in Pakistan, it is not known if any studies have compared how relatively prevalent such attitudes are amongst the various ethnic groups, religious sects and geographies. Also, it is not known if any tracking studies have documented changes in these social attitudes.

Anecdotal evidence seems to suggest that there are quite significant differences in how social stratification is practised within, and between, the various ethnic/religious groups in Pakistan.

The social stratification among Muslims in the "Swat" area of North Pakistan has been meaningfully compared to the Caste system in India. The society is rigidly divided into subgroups where each Quom (meaning tribe or nation) is assigned a profession. Different Quoms are not permitted to intermarry or live in the same community. These tribes practice a ritual-based system of social stratification. The Quoms who deal with human emissions are ranked the lowest. However, this study was conducted in 1971 which means that the locals in Swat may have abolished the caste system.

The Caste system in Pakistan creates sectarian divide and strong issues. Lower castes (or classes) are often severely persecuted by the upper castes (or classes). Lower castes are denied privileges in many communities and violence is committed against them. A particularly infamous example of such incidents is that of Mukhtaran Mai in Pakistan, a low caste woman who was gang raped by upper caste men. In addition, educated Pakistani women from the lower castes maybe at risk to be persecuted by the higher castes for attempting to break the shackles of the local, restrictive system (that traditionally denied education to the lower castes, particularly the women).

A recent example of this is the case of Ghazala Shaheen, a low caste Muslim woman in Pakistan who, in addition to getting a higher education, had an uncle who eloped with a woman of a high caste family. She was accosted and gang-raped by the upper-caste family. The chances of any legal action are low due to the Pakistani Government's inability to repeal the Hudood ordinance against women in Pakistan, though, in 2006, Pakistan president Pervez Musharraf proposed laws against Hudood making rape a punishable offense,which were ratified by the Pakistani senate. The law is meeting considerable opposition from the Islamist parties in Pakistan, who insist that amending the laws to make them more civilized towards women is against the mandate of Islamic religious law. Despite these difficulties, the law passed and is now expected to help the situation in regards to women.

The late Nawab Akbar Bugti, the leader of his tribe and fighting for the Balochistan Liberation Army , criticised Punjabi attitudes to women when he said, "What respect we give to a woman, irrespective of her caste, religion or ethnicity, no Punjabi can understand."

Recently, the surge in Pakistani media industry has made the public more aware of such crimes against those economically disadvantaged, living under caste system in rural areas and for abused women. Almost everyday, channels such as GEO air accounts of individuals who have been abused. This has led to increased pressure on the Government of Pakistan to deal with these issues. The biggest beneficiery of this have been women who now have greater access to NGOs working for women.

Sri Lankan caste system

Castes in Yemen

In Yemen there exists a caste like system that keeps Al-Akhdam social group as the perennial manual workers for the society through practices that mirror untouchability. Al-Akhdam (literally "servants" with Khadem as plural) is the lowest rung in the Yemeni caste system and by far the poorest. According to official estimates in Yemen, the total number of Khadem countywide is in the neighbourhood of 500,000, some 100,000 of which live in the outskirts of the capital Sana'a. While according to the New York Times article (By ROBERT F. WORTH Published: February 27, 2008) there are more than a million. The remainder are dispersed mainly in and around the cities of Aden, Taiz, Lahj, Abyan, Hodeidah and Mukalla.

Origins

The Khadem are not members of the three castes--Bedouin (nomads), fellahin (villagers), and hadarrin (townspeople)--that comprise mainstream Arab society.They are believed to be of Ethiopian ancestry. Some sociologists theorize that the Khadem are descendants of Ethiopian soldiers who had occupied Yemen in the 5th century but were driven out in the 6th century. According to this theory the al-Akhdham are descended from the soldiers who stayed behind and were forced into menial labor as a punitive measure.

Discrimination

The Khadem live in small shanty towns and are marginalized and shunned by mainstream society in Yemen. The Khadem slums exist mostly in big cities, including the capital, Sana'a. Their segregated communities have poor housing conditions. As a result of their low position in society, very few children in the Khadem community are enrolled in school[54] and often have little choice but to beg for money and intoxicate themselves with crushed glass.[55] A traditional Arabic saying in the region goes: "Clean your plate if it is touched by a dog, but break it if it's touched by a Khadem". Though conditions have improved somewhat over the past few years, the Khadem are still stereotyped by mainstream Yemenese society, considering them lowly, dirty, ill-mannered and immoral.

Many NGO's and charitable organizations from other countries such as CARE International are working towards their emancipation. The Yemenese government denies that there is any discrimination against the Khadem.